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Since these all are the same process and I'm sure you can figure it out, I'll solve only two of the problems:
5v - 34 = 26 (add 34 to both sides)
5v = 60 (divide by 5 on both sides)
v = 12
3x + 7 = 37 (subtract 7 from both sides)
3x = 30 (divide by 3 on both sides)
x = 10
In other words, isolate the variable on one side by doing the opposite operation: when there's addition, do subtraction; when there's multiplication, do division; and vice versa.
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