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There are some philosophies that attempt to address those questions. Look up "existentialism."
Religions are much more concerned with those questions, and their answers are at least as useful as the philosophers come up with.
Buddhism has a very clear idea of those issues, with samsara, reincarnation, and nirvana as parts of their model.
Most English speakers are familiar with the Christian model of heaven and hell and God's will, possibly with the idea of a purgatory, but I'm guessing that hasn't satisfied you yet.
I chose Taoism partly for its answers to those questions. They don't have a very elaborate model, and it may be quite disappointing after hearing the promises of some other systems, but it comes closest to an empirical/scientific view.
You may want to investigate science as well. Certainly biology has turned up some surprising evidence (see extremophiles, for example). Astronomy and astrophysics have discovered a lot about how the universe has and is evolving. Genetics have revealed a lot about how our DNA works. Medicine has discovered quite a lot about what happens to bodies when we die.
And then there are also quite a few mystics who talk about those questions. You might want to investigate remote viewing, spirit mediums, trance channels.
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