Biology study guide questions?

[brooke a.]

(these arent for a test or anything.... just for a study guide. so if youre bored and wanna help me out....Id love it! thanks for your help! )


QUESTIONS:

1._________________ are living things that can make their own food.

2._________________ is a process of making food from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water.


3._________________ are living things that must ingest or absorb their food. They can not make food internally.

4._________________are the type of cells that do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles like mitochondria. They only exist in single celled organisms. ONLY bacteria contain this type of cell.


5._______________ are the type of cells that contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles like mitochondria. Protist, Fungus, Plant and Animals all have this type of cell.

6.Plant cells have a _________________ for protection and _______________for photosynthesis. Animal cells do not contain these things.


7._______________ are organelles (or cell parts) used for helping make proteins.

8._______________ are organelles that make energy for the cell.


9.The _______________is the area of the cell that contains the DNA.

10.The _____________________ is a series of folded membranes used for transportation in the cell. There are two types. The smooth type helps to make lipids (fats) for the cell and the rough type contains ribosomes for making proteins.


11.___________________ is the semi-liquid substance that separates all the organelles inside the cell. It is also the area where a lot of chemical reactions in the cell take place.

12.__________________ are storage organelles. The plant cell has one large one that can take up about 2/3 or the volume of the cell.


13.A ______________is a semi-rigid structure made out of sugar. It is located outside the cell membrane. It helps protect the cell.

14.The __________________ is also called a plasma membrane. ALL cells contain this part. It controls what substances come into and out of the cell.


15.__________________ are organelles that store chlorophyll and other pigments used in photosynthesis.

16.__________________ are organelles that modify, store and transport proteins as the cell needs them.
17.___________________are digestive organelles. They contain enzymes that break down waste in the cell. White blood cells in animals have a lot of these organelles.

18.________________ are proteins that are used in chemical processes throughout the cell. These special proteins run the metabolism of living things. Without them, the chemical processes in living things would be ciaos.


19._________________is the movement of a substance from an area where there is more of the substance to an area where there is less of the substance. It does NOT require any energy. Osmosis is a type. Osmosis is a term used when the substance being transported is water.

20.___________________ is the cellular movement of a substance that requires the use of energy.


21.___________________is the cellular movement of a substance that does NOT require energy.

22._____________________ is the way cells make energy. There are two types Aerobic (requires oxygen) and Anaerobic (no oxygen present). Aerobic makes the most energy!


23._____________________is the process of dividing regular body cells. If a starfish looses a ray (limb) then this will regenerate it.

24.____________________is the process of cell division that produces sperm, eggs or spores. The amount of DNA in the new cells is half the amount in the parent cell.


25.The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell. 90% of the cell cycle is spent in _________________. The other 10% of the cell cycle is spent in mitosis.

26.The four phases of mitosis (in order) are ____________, _______________, ______________ and __________________. List a general description of what happens in each phase.

27.________________ is the genetic material that contains information for making proteins.

28.Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA is in the shape of a ________________ ______________. Another description is a twisted ladder.

29.Before mitosis occurs DNA forms into chromosomes. In a human there are ______ chromosomes or ______ pairs.

30.A _________________ is a picture of chromosomes. Doctors or scientist arrange the chromosomes into like pairs. The last pair is the sex chromosomes. This picture can show the sex of the person. Male’s last pair look like ______ and female’s last pair look like _______.

31._________________ is a genetic disorder where the individual has an extra chromosome that is similar to the chromosomes in the 21st pair. The individual is mentally retarded and sterile (unable to reproduce).


32.Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of dominance and recessiveness. A ______________gene will “mask over” or “over shadow” the outcome of a _______________ gene.

33.______________ dominance is a phenomenon where the combination of a dominant and a recessive gene forms an intermediate outcome. For example, Red color in some flowers is dominant and white color is recessive. If a flower has two red genes then the flower is red, if it has two white genes then the flower is white, but if the flower has one red and one white, the offspring is pink.


34._________________is a term used to express the actual DNA make up of the gene. In the study of genetics we use letters to represent this. Capital letters represent dominant genes and lower case letters represent recessive genes. An example could be TT, Tt or tt.

35. ____________________ is a term used to express the appearance the gene causes. Tallness in pea plants is an example. Hair color is another example.



36._________________is a term used to describe two genes (sometimes called alleles) that are alike. For example in some tall pea plants it would be “TT” or short pea plants “tt”. Notice the letters are the same!

37._________________ is a term used to describe two genes that are different. For example “Tt” in tall pea plants. Notice the letters are different. Because there is one dominant gene (“T”) the plant will be tall because the dominant gene “overshadows” the “t” or the recessive gene.